Activity 1 - What was the First United Front?

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Activity Tasks

1. Groups - In pairs, complete the following table by researching the leadership, aims (reasons for alliance) and policies of both the CCP and GMD during the First United Front.
2. ​Discuss - What did both parties hope to gain from the alliance?
3. Analysis - Examine the Sun-Joffe Declaration of 26th January 1923. In reference to its origin, purpose, and content, what are the values and limitations of this source for the historian studying the United Front?

Activity 2 - How did Chiang become leader?

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Activity Tasks

1. Research - Conduct some brief research on what happened to the leadership of the First United Front after the death of Sun Yat-sen on 11th March 1925. 
   1. ​Left GMD / Right GMD
   2. Wang Jingwei
   3. Liao Zhongkai
   4. Hu Hanmin
   5. Mikhail Borodin
   6. 30 May Incident - 1925
   7. Canton-Hong Kong Strike - 1925
   8. Canton Coup / Zhongshan Incident - 1926
2. Write - Write a paragraph explaining this question: ‘How did Chiang Kai-shek become leader of the GMD after the death of Sun?’ In your answer, make sure you include the events and individuals from task one.

Activity 3 - What was the First Campaign?

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Activity Tasks

1. Research - Using the suggested readings and online sources, research the first campaign of the Northern Expedition (July 1926 - April 1927), recording details on in the second table on this worksheet. Then create a timeline of up to ten key events that includes:
   1. Offensive against Wu Peifu
   2. Offensive against Sun Chuanfang
   3. National Pacification Army (NPA)
   4. Shanghai-Nanjing Offensive
   5. Shanghai General Strike
   6. Nanjing Incident
2. Map - On this blank map of China, map out the routes of the first campaign of the Northern Expedition. Identify the geographical features relevant to the campaign:
   1. Key Provinces, Provincial Capitals, and Rivers!
   2. Route of NRA and Key Battles (with dates)
   3. Areas of warlord control​​
3. Discuss - Which is the most significant reason for the success of the first campaign of the Expedition?

Activity 4 - Why did the United Front split? 

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Activity Tasks

1. Organise - In groups of three, you will research why the First United Front broke down. Complete the third table on this worksheet by researching:
   1. Causes - what caused tensions between the GMD/CCP to rise?
      1. Wuhan/Nanjing Split
      2. Communist Agitation - Hankou/Nanjing
      3. Resignation of Chiang Kai-shek
   2. What happened - what did the Chiang Kai-shek do? 
      1. Shanghai Massacre
      2. Chiang expelled from GMD by Wuhan
      3. Stalin’s Telegram
   3. Consequences - how did the USSR and others respond to the split? Impact on CCP/GMD?
      1. Nanchang / Changsha / Guangzhou Uprisings
      2. CCP leadership changes
      3. CCP flee to Jinggangshan Mountains 
      4. Exile of Wang Jingwei

Activity 5 - What was the 2nd Campaign? 

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Activity Tasks

1. Research - Using the suggested readings and online sources, research the first campaign of the Northern Expedition (January 1928 - December 1928). Create a timeline of up to ten key events. It needs to include:
   1. Reappointment of CKS
   2. Yan Xishan
   3. Guominjun / Feng Yuxiang
   4. Shandong / Sun Chaunfang
   5. Jinan Incident
   6. Assassination of Zhang Zoulin / Huanggutun Incident 
   7. Capture of Beijing
   8. Allegiance of Zhang Xueliang
2. Map - Add details of the second campaign of the Northern Expedition to your maps. 
3. Analyse - Using the information collected so far, fill in the fourth table on this worksheet by describing the factors which enabled the success of the campaign.
4. Discuss - Which is the most significant reason for the success of the second campaign of the Expedition?

Further Reading

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OBLIGATORY READING

1. Hsu, I.C.Y. (2000). The Rise of Modern China (6th ed), pp. 523-525, 526-531
2. Lynch, M. (2016). Access to History: China 1839-1997 (3rd ed), pp. 77-78

RECOMMENDED READING

1. Spence, J.D. (1990). The Search for Modern China, pp. 341-348, 348-354, 354-360, 361-370
2. Zarrow, P. (2005). China in War and Revolution: 1895-1949, pp. 230-237, 237-241, 241-247

SUPPLEMENTARY READING

1. Jordan, D.A. (1976). The Northern Expedition: China’s National Revolution of 1926-1928

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