Island School History
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  • Y7/8 MYP
  • Y9 History
    • 1. Innovation & Industry >
      • 1. Causes
      • 2. Innovations
      • 3. Conditions
      • 4. Changes
      • 5. Sources
      • 6-7. Assessment 1 >
        • The USA
      • 8. Reflection
    • 2. Empire and Expansion >
      • 1. What is an Empire?
      • 2. Benefits of an Empire
      • 3. Negatives of Empire expansion
      • 4. Perspectives on Empires
      • 5. Assessment
    • 3. Rebellion and Revolution >
      • 1. Why do people protest?
      • 2. What are the causes of revolutions?
      • 3. What are the methods of protest?
      • 4. What are the consequences of protests?
      • 5. Assessment
      • Student Work
    • 4. War and Conflict >
      • 1. Causes of WW2
      • 2. Did that really happen here? WW2 in Hong Kong
      • 3. Why did the War extend to Hong Kong?
      • 4. How did the War affect Hong Kong?
      • 5. Assessment
    • Old History >
      • 1. Hong Kong Story >
        • Further Reading
      • 2. The Slave Trade
      • 3. The First World War
      • 4. The Changing Role of Women
  • Elements
    • Big History Project >
      • 1. What is Big History? >
        • 1.0 - Welcome to Big History
        • 1.1 - Scale
        • 1.2 - Origin Stories
        • 1.3 - What are Disciplines?
        • 1.4 - My Big History
        • Glossary
      • 2. The Big Bang >
        • 2.0 - Changing Understandings
        • 2.1 - The Big Bang
        • 2.2 - Claim Testing
        • Glossary
        • Links & Resources
      • 3. Stars and Elements >
        • 3.0 - How were stars formed?
        • 3.1 - Creation of Complex Elements
        • 3.2 - Ways of Knowing: Stars & Elements
        • Glossary
      • 4. Our Solar System & Earth >
        • 4.0 - Formation of Earth & Our Solar System
        • 4.1 - What was young Earth like?
        • 4.2 - Why is Plate Tectonics important?
        • 4.3 - Ways of Knowing: Our Solar System and Earth
        • Glossary
      • 5. Life >
        • 5.0 - What is Life?
        • 5.1 - How did Life Begin and Change?
        • 5.2 - How do Earth and Life Interact?
        • 5.3 - Ways of Knowing: Life
        • Glossary
      • 6. Early Humans >
        • 6.0 - How Our Ancesters Evolved
        • 6.1 - Ways of Knowing: Early Humans
        • 6.2 - Collective Learning
        • 6.3 - How did the First Humans live?
        • Glossary
      • 7. Agriculture & Civilisation >
        • 7.0 - The Rise of Agriculture
        • 7.1 - The First Cities and States
        • 7.2 - Ways of Knowing: Agriculture & Civilisation
        • Glossary
      • 8. Expansion & Interconnection >
        • 8.0 - Expansion
        • 8.1 - Exploration & Interconnection
        • 8.2 - The Columbian Exchange
        • 8.3 - Commerce & Collective Learning
        • Glossary
      • 9. Acceleration >
        • 9.0 - Transitions, Thresholds & Turning Points in Human History
        • 9.1 - Acceleration
        • 9.2 - The Anthropocene
        • 9.3 - Changing Economies
        • 9.4 - Industrialism
        • 9.5 - Modern States and Identities
        • 9.6 - Crisis and Conflict
        • 9.7 - Acceleration: Demographic, Political, and Technological
        • Glossary
      • 10. The Future >
        • 10.0 - Looking Back
        • 10.1 - The Biosphere
        • 10.2 - Looking Forward
        • Glossary
      • Assessment Rubrics
      • Key Texts
      • Little Big History
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
      • Thresholds of Increasing Complexity
      • Student Work
    • Social History
  • IGCSE
    • Germany 1918-45 >
      • 1. The Establishment of the Weimar Republic & Its Early Problems
      • 2. The Recovery of Germany 1924-1929
      • 3. The Rise of Hitler and the Nazis 1919-1933
      • 4. Life in Nazi Germany 1933-1939
      • 5. Germany during the Second World War
      • Old Exam Questions
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
    • China 1900-89 >
      • 1. China 1900-1934
      • 2. Mao & the CCP 1934-1949
      • 3. Change under Mao 1949-1963
      • 4. The Impact of the Cultural Revolution
      • 5. China after Mao 1976-1989
      • Old Exam Questions
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
    • US Civil Rights 1945-74 >
      • 1. McCarthyism and the Red Scare
      • 2. Civil Rights in the 1950s
      • 3. The Impact of MLK & Black Power
      • 4. Protest Movements
      • 5. Nixon & Watergate
      • Old Exam Questions
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
    • Russia & the USSR 1905-24 >
      • Old Exam Questions
    • Past Papers
  • IBDP
    • Paper 1 >
      • Rights and Protest >
        • Exam Questions
      • The Move to Global War >
        • 1. Japanese Expansion >
          • 1. Impact of the Meiji Restoration
          • 2. Foreign Policy in the 1920s
          • 3. The Invasion of Manchuria
          • 4. The Sino-Japanese War
          • 5. The Road to War
        • 2. German and Italian Expansion >
          • 1. Causes of Italian Expansion
          • 2. Responses to Italian Expansion
          • 3. Causes of German Expansion
          • 4. Responses to German Expansion
          • 5. The Road to War in Europe
        • Exam Questions
    • Paper 2 >
      • Paper 2: The Cold War >
        • 1. Why did the Grand Alliance breakdown? >
          • 1. What role did ideology play in the Grand Alliance?
          • 2. How did wartime disagreements affect the alliance?
          • 3. Did Soviet expansionism end the alliance?
          • 4. Was US exceptionalism to blame?
          • 5. Did events in Asia exacerbate tensions?
          • 6. Were tensions over Germany the final straw?
          • 7. Assessment: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
        • 2. How did superpower competition unfold? >
          • 1. How did competition unfold in Asia?
          • 2. What conflicts emerged in Europe?
          • 3. How did the Cold War shape the Middle East?
          • 4. Were tensions in the Americas unexpected?
          • 5. Why did the Cold War spread to Africa?
          • 6. How did scientific change drive the conflict?
          • 7. Assessment: Who won the global struggle?
        • 3. Were attempts at detente a failure? >
          • 1. Did peaceful coexistence work?
          • 2. What did detente achieve?
          • 3. Why did detente fail?
          • 4. Were other forms of cooperation effective?
          • 5. Assessment: Was detente a failure?
        • 4. What role did China play in the Cold War?
        • 5. How did the Cold War end? >
          • 1. Did the USSR decay from within?
          • 2. Did Ronald Reagan win the war?
          • 3. Was Mikhail Gorbachev to blame?
          • 4. What role did people power play?
          • 5. Why did the USSR finally collapse?
          • 6. Assessment: Who, or what, ended the Cold War?
        • 6. What role did leaders, crises and nations play? >
          • 1. What was the impact of leaders?
          • 2. How significant were Cold War crises?
          • 3. In what ways were nations affected?
          • 4. Assessment: What was the role of leaders, crises and nations?
        • Exam Questions
        • Further Reading
        • Glossary
        • Historiography
        • Primary Sources
      • Paper 2: Authoritarian States >
        • 1. Emergence of Authoritarian States >
          • 1. Why do Authoritarian States emerge?
          • 2. Rise of Hitler
          • 3. Rise of Mao
          • 4. Rise of Castro
          • 5. Rise of Stalin
          • 6. Comparing the Emergence of Authoritarian States
        • 2. Consolidation & Maintenance of Power >
          • 1. Hitler's Germany 1933-45
          • 2. Mao's China 1949-1976
          • 3. Castro's Cuba 1959-Present
          • 4. Comparing the Rule of Authoritarian States
        • 3. Aims and Results of Domestic Policies >
          • 4. Comparing Domestic Policies
        • Exam Questions
    • Paper 3: Asia and Oceania >
      • Topic 9: Imperial Decline in East Asia 1860-1912 >
        • 1. The Tongzhi Restoration
        • 2. Effects of the Sino-Japanese War
        • 3. Impact of the Boxer Rebellion
        • 4. The 1911 Xinhai Revolution
        • 5. The Meiji Restoration
        • 6. Early Japanese Imperialism
        • 7. The Opening of Korea
        • Exam Questions
      • Topic 11: Japan 1912-1990 >
        • 1. Taisho Japan
        • 2. The Rise of Militarism
        • 3. The Move to Global War
        • 4. The Pacific War
        • 5. The US Occupation
        • 6. The 'Economic Miracle'
        • Exam Questions
      • Topic 12: China and Korea 1910-1950 >
        • 1. What accounts for the rise of nationalism? >
          • 1. Was Yuan Shikai a national hero or villain?
          • 2. What did Sun Yixian do to promote nationalism?
          • 3. What was the impact of WW1 on nationalism?
          • 4. How significant was the New Culture Movement?
          • 5. Did the May 4th Movement achieve anything?
          • 6. How did nationalism survive the warlords?
          • 7. Assessment: What accounts for the rise of nationalism?
        • 2. Did Guomindang rule achieve anything? >
          • 1. How did Chiang Kai-shek emerge as leader of the GMD?
          • 2. Why was the Northern Expedition successful?
          • 3. Was the Nanjing Decade a success?
          • 4. Assessment: Was GMD rule a success or failure?
        • 3. Was the rise of communism inevitable? >
          • 1. What were conditions like for peasants in China?
          • 2. How did the CCP benefit from the First United Front?
          • 3. Why did the First United Front fail?
          • 4. How did Mao become leader of the Jiangxi Soviet?
          • 5. To what extent was the Long March a turning point?
          • 6. How did Mao consolidate his position at Yan'an?
          • 7. Assessment: Was Communism inevitable?
        • 4. How did war and conflict benefit the CPC? >
          • 1. What were the turning points of the Sino-Japanese War?
          • 2. What accounts for GMD failures during the war?
          • 3. What were the turning points of the Civil War?
          • 4. Did the CPC win or GMD lose the civil war?
          • 5. Assessment: Where did the CPC win the civil war?
        • 5. What was the impact of Japanese occupation on Korea?
        • 6. Was martial law in Taiwan justified?
        • Exam Questions
      • Topic 14: The People's Republic of China 1949-2005 >
        • 1. How did the CPC consolidate power? >
          • 1. What form of government did the CPC take?
          • 2. What policies did Mao use to consolidate power?
          • 3. What methods of repression did Mao use?
          • 4. What does the Hundred Flowers Campaign reveal?
          • 5. Assessment: How successful was Mao's consolidation of power?
        • 2. Was the transition to socialism successful? >
          • 1. Did the First Five Year Plan achieve its goals?
          • 2. What happened during the Great Leap Forward?
          • 3. Who was responsible for the Great Famine?
          • 4. How did the economy change in the 1960s?
          • 5. Assessment: How successful was the socialist economy?
        • 3. Who benefited from CPC rule under Mao? >
          • 1. How did CPC rule change society?
          • 2. Assessment: Did CPC rule benefit society?
        • 4. What was the cultural revolution? >
          • 1. What caused the cultural revolution?
          • 2. How did the cultural revolution evolve?
          • 3. What was the impact of the cultural revolution?
          • 4. Assessment: How can we explain the cultural revolution?
        • 5. Did China become a global power under Mao? >
          • 1. How did the CPC change China's foreign policy?
          • 2. Why were Sino-Soviet relations so turbulent?
          • 3. How did Sino-American relations change?
          • 4. What other relations did China cultivate?
          • 5. Assessment: When did China become a global power?
        • 6. How did Deng Xiaoping win power? >
          • 1. How did the Gang of Four rise to power?
          • 2. Why did Hua Guofeng become leader?
          • 3. Assessment: How did Deng Xiaoping win power?
        • 7. What accounts for China's modern success? >
          • 1. How successful were Deng Xiaoping's reforms?
          • 2. Why wasn't there a fifth modernisation in China?
          • 3. What was the significance of Tiananmen Square?
          • 4. How did China develop under Jiang Zemin?
          • 5. Assessment: What accounts for China's modern success?
        • Exam Questions
        • Further Reading
        • Historiography
        • Primary Sources
      • Topic 15: Cold War Conflicts in Asia >
        • 1. How was Communism defeated in Malaya? >
          • 1. What triggered conflict in Malaya?
          • 2. How did the Emergency evolve?
          • 3. Why was the insurgency defeated?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Emergency?
          • 5. Assessment: Why was Communism defeated?
        • 2. Why was the Korean War a turning point? >
          • 1. What caused the Korean War?
          • 2. How did the Korean War evolve?
          • 3. How was the Korean War resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the war?
          • 5. Assessment: Was the war a turning point?
        • 3. Why did the French fail to defeat the Vietminh? >
          • 1. What caused the Indochina War?
          • 2. How did the Indochina War evolve?
          • 3. How was the war in Indochina resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the French Indochina War?
          • 5. Assessment: What accounts for the French defeat?
        • 4. Could the Vietnam War have been avoided? >
          • 1. What caused the Vietnam War?
          • 2. How did the Vietnam War evolve?
          • 3. How was the Vietnam War resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Vietnam War?
          • 5. Assessment: Was the Vietnam War inevitable?
        • 5. How was Cambodia shaped by the Cold War? >
          • 1. What caused the Cambodian Civil War?
          • 2. How did the Cambodian Civil War evolve?
          • 3. How was the Cambodian Civil War resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Cambodian Civil War?
          • 5. Assessment: Who can be blamed for events in Cambodia?
        • 6. How were the Soviets defeated in Afghanistan? >
          • 1. Why did the USSR invade Afghanistan?
          • 2. How did the Soviet-Afghan war evolve?
          • 3. How was the Soviet Union defeated?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Soviet-Afghan war?
          • 5. Assessment: Why did the USSR withdraw?
        • Exam Questions
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Forming Questions
      • Researching Primary Sources >
        • New York Times Digital Archive
        • SCMP Digital Archive
      • Researching Secondary Sources >
        • Google Scholar
        • History Today
        • HK Public Library e-resources
        • jstor
        • questia
        • Worldcat
      • Source Evaluation
      • Chicago Citation Format
      • IA Help Guide
    • Extended Essay >
      • 1. Title Page
      • 2. Abstract & Contents Page
      • 3. Introduction
      • 4. Body of the Essay
      • 5. Conclusion
      • 6. References, Bibliography & Appendices
    • Mark Schemes
    • Revision
    • Hall of Fame
  • History Highlights
  • More
    • History Help >
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      • Historical Content
      • Historical Concepts
      • Historical Skills >
        • Essay Planning >
          • 1. Forming Questions
          • 2. Command Words
          • 3. Topic Analysis
          • 4. Essay Structure
        • Essay Writing >
          • 1. Introductions
          • 2. Conclusions
          • 3. Words and Phrases
          • 4. Quotations
          • 5. Sentences
          • 6. Width and Depth
          • 7. Citing Sources
          • 8. Spelling and Grammar
    • Resources >
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      • 5 C's - Skills Framework >
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    • Links >
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Chicago Citation Format

What is the Chicago Citation Format?


The Chicago citation style is the method established by the University of Chicago Press for documenting sources used in a research paper and is probably the most commonly used footnote format. Below are instructions for using footnotes to cite most of the sources encountered in research at Island School. It is a good idea to read through these instructions before beginning to write your paper. Please note that footnotes are so-named because they appear at the bottom of the page that contains the text you are annotating. Endnotes follow the same citation style, but are listed together at the end of the paper before the bibliography. Only use endnotes at the specific request of the instructor; use footnotes otherwise.

General Guidelines


  • Your footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the paper. Use your word processing program to insert footnotes and it will number them for you automatically.
  • The footnote number should always be inserted after the punctuation.1
  • The first time you cite a source, you will include a full citation. For all subsequent references to that text, your footnote citation will be in abbreviated form. (More detail below.)
  • Cite authors’ names as they appear in the texts. Don’t replace first names with initials unless the names appear this way on the title page of the source. If no author is listed, organize the entry by the title.
Type of Source
Footnote
Bibliography
Books: Single Author
Basic format:

x. Author’s first name Last name, Title in Italics and in Headline Style (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number if relevant.

Subsequent references to the same text:

x. Last name, Title in Shortened Form, page number.

​Note: If your second reference to a text comes immediately after the first, use “Ibid.” in place of the author’s name and the book title. Include the page number if it is different from that listed in the first reference.

Examples:
​
1. Kent Portney, Taking Sustainable Cities Seriously (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003).
2. Ibid., 162.
3. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry Into the Origins of Cultural Change (New York: Blackwell, 1989), 197.
4. Robert O. Self, American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2003).
5. Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity, 86-87.
Basic format:

Author’s last name, First name. Title. City: Publisher, Year.

Examples:

References
  • Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry Into the Origins of Cultural Change. New York: Blackwell, 1989.
  • Portney, Kent. Taking Sustainable Cities Seriously. Cambridge, MIT Press, 2003.
  • Self, Robert O. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 2003.
Books: Multiple Authors
For two or three authors, list each of the authors in the order presented on the title page of the book. For more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by “and others” or “et al.”: 

x. First name Last name and First name Last Name, Title (City: Publisher, Date), page number if relevant. x. First name Last name et al., Title (City: Publisher, Date), page number if relevant.

Subsequent references to the same text:

x. Last name and Last name, Title, page number. x. Last name et al., Title, page number.

Examples:
​
1. Harriet Bulkeley and Michele M. Betsill, Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance (London: Routledge, 2003), 25.
2. Randall Arendt et al., Growing Greener: Putting Conservation into Local Plans and Ordinances (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999).
3. Bulkeley and Betsill, Cities and Climate Change, 27.
​4. Arendt et al., Growing Greener. 
​Basic format:

Last name, First name, and First name Last name. Title. City: Publisher, Year.

Examples:

References
  • Arendt, Randall, Holly Harper, Stephen Kuter, and Diane Rosencrance. Growing Greener: Putting Conservation into Local Plans and Ordinances. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999.
  • Bulkeley, Harriet, and Michele M. Betsill. Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance. London: Routledge, 2003.
Books: Edited Volume or Chapter Within an Edited Volume
Occasionally you will need to cite an edited book containing chapters by various authors. If citing the overarching idea of the entire book, use the editors’ names as you would the names of authors, following their names with “ed.” (short for editor, not to be mistaken for the abbreviation of “edition”). Works with a translator (trans.) or a compiler (comp.) would be treated similarly.

Basic format:
x. Editor’s First name Last name, ed., Title (City: Publisher, Year), page number if relevant.

Example:
1. Warren Magnusson and Karena Shaw, eds., A Political Space: Reading the Global Through Clayoquot Sound (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2003).

Subsequent references to the same text:
2. Magnusson and Shaw, eds. A Political Space.

More frequently, you will cite a particular essay or chapter in an edited book. In this case your footnote will refer to the specific chapter or essay but will also include the title of the book and its editors. The format is as follows:

x. Author’s First name Last name, “Chapter Title,” in Book Title, ed. Editor’s name (City: Publisher, Year), page number if relevant.

Subsequent references to the same text:
x. Last name, Chapter Title, page number.

Examples:
​
3. Timothy W. Luke, “On the Political Economy of Clayoquot Sound,” in A Political Space: Reading the Global Through Clayoquot Sound, ed. Warren Magnusson and Karena Shaw (Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2003), 99.
4. Luke, “On the Political Economy of Clayoquot Sound,” 101.
Basic format:

Editor’s Last name, First name, ed. Title. City: Publisher, Year.

Or:
​
Author’s Last name, First name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title, edited by Editor’s Name, page numbers of chapter. City: Publisher, Year.

Examples:

References
  • Luke, Timothy W. “On the Political Economy of Clayoquot Sound.” In A Political Space: Reading the Global Through Clayoquot Sound, edited by Warren Magnusson and Karena Shaw, 91-112. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2003.
  • Magnusson, Warren and Karena Shaw, eds. A Political Space: Reading the Global Through Clayoquot Sound. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 2003.
Books: Multiple Editions
Include the edition number after the title, not italicized:

x. First name Last name, Title, Number ed. (City, Publisher, Year), page number if relevant.

Subsequent references to the same text:

x. Last name, Title, page number.

Examples:
​
1. Michael E. Kraft, Environmental Policy and Politics, 4th ed. (New York: Pearson, 2007).
2. Kraft, Environmental Policy and Politics, 54.
​Basic format:

Last name, First name. Title. Number ed. City: Publisher, Year.

Example:

References
  • Kraft, Michael E. Environmental Policy and Politics. 4th ed. New York: Pearson, 2007.
Journal Articles
Basic Format:

x. Author’s First name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Title Volume, Issue No. (Year): page number.

Subsequent references to the same text:

x. Last name, “Article Title,” page number.

Examples:

1. Keith Dowding, “Explaining Urban Regimes,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, no. 1 (2001): 12.
2. Marina Alberti, “Measuring Urban Sustainability,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 1996, no. 16: 390.
3. Roger Keil, “Globalization Makes States: Perspectives of Local Governance in the Age of the World City,” Review of International Political Economy 5, no. 4 (1998): 617.
4. Alberti, “Measuring Urban Sustainability,” 391.

Note: As in the Alberti example above, if the year serves as the volume number, it should not be in parentheses.
Basic format:

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume, Issue no. (Year): page range.

Examples:

​References
  • Alberti, Marina. “Measuring Urban Sustainability.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 1996, no.16: 381-424.
  • Dowding, Keith. “Explaining Urban Regimes.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, no. 1 (2001): 7-19.
  • Keil, Roger. “Globalization Makes States: Perspectives of Local Governance in the Age of the World City.” Review of International Political Economy 5, no. 4 (1998): 616–646.
Web Sources
​If an online source is also a print source (a journal or newspaper article, etc.) or has a clear online publishing date (such as online news sources), footnote it in the same way as you would footnote the source if it were in print, adding the URL and access date if the information is time sensitive:

x. Author’s First name Last name, “Article Title,” Web Site Title. Sponsor, Original publication Month Day, Year, URL. (accessed Month Day, Year).

​If citing an entire website, include the title of the site, the name of the sponsoring organisation, the publication date or date of latest update (if available), URL, and access date if time sensitive.

x. Author’s First name Last name, Web Site Title, URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

Examples:

1. Keith Schneider, “Salt Lake City is Finding a Payoff in Conservation,” New York Times, November 7, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/business/businessspecial3/07cities.html (accessed November 14, 2007).
2. Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Seattle Metronatural, http://www.visitseattle.org/bureau/brand.asp (accessed Mar. 16, 2008).
Basic Format:

Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Web Site Title. Sponsor, Original publication Month Day, Year. URL. (accessed Month Day, Year).

Or:

Last name, First name. Web Site Title. URL. (accessed Month Day, Year).

Examples:

References
  • Schneider, Keith. “Salt Lake City is Finding a Payoff in Conservation.” New York Times, November 7, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/business/businessspecial3/07cities.html (accessed November 14, 2007).
  • Seattle Chamber of Commerce. Seattle Metronatural. http://www.visitseattle.org/bureau/brand.asp (accessed Mar. 16, 2008).
Class Lectures
Class lectures should only be cited in papers written for the course in which that lecture was given.

Example:

​1. Lecture, Sept. 26, 2006.
​No bibliography entry is needed.
Magazine Articles
Cite as you would a book, with the author’s name (if available) followed by the title and date. For weekly or bi-weekly magazines, give the exact date (month day, year). For monthly or bi-monthly magazines, just the month(s) is sufficient. Include page numbers only if noting a direct quote (as in example 2 below). Magazines should be cited by publication date, even if a volume number is provided.

Basic format:

x. Author’s First name Last name, “Article Title,” Magazine Title, Month Day, Year, page number if relevant.

Subsequent references to the same text:

x. Last name, “Article Title,” page number if relevant.

Examples:

1. “Dubious Venture,” Time, Jan. 3, 1994.
2. James Fallows, “The Early-Decision Racket,” Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 2001, 37-52.
Basic format:

​Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Magazine Title, Month Day, Year, page range.

Examples:

References
  • “Dubious Venture.” Time, Jan. 3, 1994, 64-65.
  • Fallows, James. “The Early-Decision Racket.” Atlantic Monthly, Sept. 2001, 37-52.
Newspaper Articles
A footnote for a newspaper article should include: Name of author (if known); title of the article, month, day and year of publication; the edition (final, West Coast, etc.) if available; the section if in print or the URL if found online. You can omit page numbers.

Basic format:

​x. Last name, First name, “Article Title,” Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year, edition, section.

Or:

x. Last name, First name, “Article Title,” Newspaper Title, Original publication Month Day, Year, URL.

Subsequent references to the same text:

x. Last name, “Article Title,” Date.

Examples:

1. Kevin Sack, “In Partisan Battle, Governors Clash with Attorneys General over Lawsuits,” New York Times, Mar. 28, 2010, late edition, sec. A.
2. Keith Schneider, “Salt Lake City is Finding a Payoff in Conservation,” New York Times, November 7, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/business/businessspecial3/07cities.html (accessed November 14, 2007).
Basic format:

​Last name, First name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year, section.

If accessed online, replace the section with the URL.

Examples:

References
  • Sack, Kevin. “In Partisan Battle, Governors Clash with Attorneys General over Lawsuits.” New York Times, Mar. 28, 2010, late edition, sec. A.
  • Schneider, Keith. “Salt Lake City is Finding a Payoff in Conservation.” New York Times, November 7, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/business/businessspecial3/07cities.html.
Interviews
Regardless of the form of the interview, your footnote should begin with the name of the person interviewed. Anonymous interviews can be cited as such, with general information regarding the interviewee. Published interviews should include the full citation of where the interview was found (for instance, in a book or on the radio). In examples 2 and 3 below, it is assumed that you (the author) conducted the interviews.

Examples:

1. Donald E. Felsinger, “Turning Energy Uncertainty into Opportunity,” interview by Clifford Krauss. New York Times, May 3, 2008, late edition, sec. C.
2. George Smith, e-mail message to author, March 17, 2008. 3. Interview with Congressional aide, February 9, 2008.
If you conducted the interview, no bibliography entry is needed. For published or broadcast interviews, cite as you would for a book section, newspaper article, radio broadcast, etc.

Examples:

References
  • Fellini, Federico. “The long interview.” Juliet of the Spirits. Edited by Tullio Kezich. Trans. Howard Greenfield. New York: Ballantine, 1966. 17-64.
  • Felsinger, Donald E. “Turning Energy Uncertainty into Opportunity.” Interview by Clifford Krauss. New York Times, May 3, 2008, late edition, sec. C.
  • Gordimer, Nadine. Interview. New York Times, Oct. 10, 1991, late edition, sec. C.
Legal Sources
Citing constitutions: Cite constitutions by the name, article, section, and paragraph (depending on how specific your reference is):

1. U.S. Constitution, art. 1, sec. 1.
2. Arizona Constitution, par. 3.

Citing an act (law): In most cases you can provide all basic information about an act (if it is a federal or state law, the title of the act, and the year it was passed) in the body of your text and it will therefore not need to be footnoted:

Congress’s passage of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001 increased national requirements for airport security checks.

​Citing a legal case: As with laws, legal cases should usually be referred to in the text of your essay and footnotes are not needed. Names of cases are abbreviated by the name of each party involved and should be underlined. The year the case was decided is put in parentheses just after the name of the case:

​In Brown v. Board of Education (1954) the Supreme Court rejected the segregation of public schools by race.
Government Publications
As government documents usually do not have authors, cite them by the name of the agency. Otherwise, follow the same rules as for books and journals.

Provide the following information:

​x. Name of Government, Government Agency, Subsidiary division/regional office/etc., Title of the Publication, date, publication number, report number, or Congressional session (if available or relevant), Place of Publication: Publisher, Date, page number if relevant.

Examples:

​1. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, 1978 Statistics of Income, Individual Income Tax Returns, 1981, Pub. 79 (3-81), Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
​2. Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Hearings, 1946, 79th Cong., 1st and 2 nd sess., Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
3. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, A Profile of the Working Poor, 2001, 2003, Report 968, Washington, DC.

Note: If the document is printed by the issuing body (as in the Department of Labor example above), publisher information is not required.
Include all of the information listed above.

Examples:

References
  • U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack. Hearings. 1946, 79th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. A Profile of the Working Poor, 2001. 2003, Report 968, Washington, DC.
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. 1978 Statistics of Income, Individual Income Tax Returns. 1981, Pub. 79 (3-81), Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Y7-9 MYP

Y7 Humanities
Y8 Humanities
Y9 History

Y10-11 IGCSE

IGCSE History
Big History
Social History

Y12-13 IBDP HISTORY

Paper 1 SL/HL
Paper 2 Cold War / Paper 2 Authoritarian States
Paper 3 HL Only
© COPYRIGHT 2015. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • Home
  • Y7/8 MYP
  • Y9 History
    • 1. Innovation & Industry >
      • 1. Causes
      • 2. Innovations
      • 3. Conditions
      • 4. Changes
      • 5. Sources
      • 6-7. Assessment 1 >
        • The USA
      • 8. Reflection
    • 2. Empire and Expansion >
      • 1. What is an Empire?
      • 2. Benefits of an Empire
      • 3. Negatives of Empire expansion
      • 4. Perspectives on Empires
      • 5. Assessment
    • 3. Rebellion and Revolution >
      • 1. Why do people protest?
      • 2. What are the causes of revolutions?
      • 3. What are the methods of protest?
      • 4. What are the consequences of protests?
      • 5. Assessment
      • Student Work
    • 4. War and Conflict >
      • 1. Causes of WW2
      • 2. Did that really happen here? WW2 in Hong Kong
      • 3. Why did the War extend to Hong Kong?
      • 4. How did the War affect Hong Kong?
      • 5. Assessment
    • Old History >
      • 1. Hong Kong Story >
        • Further Reading
      • 2. The Slave Trade
      • 3. The First World War
      • 4. The Changing Role of Women
  • Elements
    • Big History Project >
      • 1. What is Big History? >
        • 1.0 - Welcome to Big History
        • 1.1 - Scale
        • 1.2 - Origin Stories
        • 1.3 - What are Disciplines?
        • 1.4 - My Big History
        • Glossary
      • 2. The Big Bang >
        • 2.0 - Changing Understandings
        • 2.1 - The Big Bang
        • 2.2 - Claim Testing
        • Glossary
        • Links & Resources
      • 3. Stars and Elements >
        • 3.0 - How were stars formed?
        • 3.1 - Creation of Complex Elements
        • 3.2 - Ways of Knowing: Stars & Elements
        • Glossary
      • 4. Our Solar System & Earth >
        • 4.0 - Formation of Earth & Our Solar System
        • 4.1 - What was young Earth like?
        • 4.2 - Why is Plate Tectonics important?
        • 4.3 - Ways of Knowing: Our Solar System and Earth
        • Glossary
      • 5. Life >
        • 5.0 - What is Life?
        • 5.1 - How did Life Begin and Change?
        • 5.2 - How do Earth and Life Interact?
        • 5.3 - Ways of Knowing: Life
        • Glossary
      • 6. Early Humans >
        • 6.0 - How Our Ancesters Evolved
        • 6.1 - Ways of Knowing: Early Humans
        • 6.2 - Collective Learning
        • 6.3 - How did the First Humans live?
        • Glossary
      • 7. Agriculture & Civilisation >
        • 7.0 - The Rise of Agriculture
        • 7.1 - The First Cities and States
        • 7.2 - Ways of Knowing: Agriculture & Civilisation
        • Glossary
      • 8. Expansion & Interconnection >
        • 8.0 - Expansion
        • 8.1 - Exploration & Interconnection
        • 8.2 - The Columbian Exchange
        • 8.3 - Commerce & Collective Learning
        • Glossary
      • 9. Acceleration >
        • 9.0 - Transitions, Thresholds & Turning Points in Human History
        • 9.1 - Acceleration
        • 9.2 - The Anthropocene
        • 9.3 - Changing Economies
        • 9.4 - Industrialism
        • 9.5 - Modern States and Identities
        • 9.6 - Crisis and Conflict
        • 9.7 - Acceleration: Demographic, Political, and Technological
        • Glossary
      • 10. The Future >
        • 10.0 - Looking Back
        • 10.1 - The Biosphere
        • 10.2 - Looking Forward
        • Glossary
      • Assessment Rubrics
      • Key Texts
      • Little Big History
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
      • Thresholds of Increasing Complexity
      • Student Work
    • Social History
  • IGCSE
    • Germany 1918-45 >
      • 1. The Establishment of the Weimar Republic & Its Early Problems
      • 2. The Recovery of Germany 1924-1929
      • 3. The Rise of Hitler and the Nazis 1919-1933
      • 4. Life in Nazi Germany 1933-1939
      • 5. Germany during the Second World War
      • Old Exam Questions
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
    • China 1900-89 >
      • 1. China 1900-1934
      • 2. Mao & the CCP 1934-1949
      • 3. Change under Mao 1949-1963
      • 4. The Impact of the Cultural Revolution
      • 5. China after Mao 1976-1989
      • Old Exam Questions
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
    • US Civil Rights 1945-74 >
      • 1. McCarthyism and the Red Scare
      • 2. Civil Rights in the 1950s
      • 3. The Impact of MLK & Black Power
      • 4. Protest Movements
      • 5. Nixon & Watergate
      • Old Exam Questions
      • Further Reading
      • Further Watching
    • Russia & the USSR 1905-24 >
      • Old Exam Questions
    • Past Papers
  • IBDP
    • Paper 1 >
      • Rights and Protest >
        • Exam Questions
      • The Move to Global War >
        • 1. Japanese Expansion >
          • 1. Impact of the Meiji Restoration
          • 2. Foreign Policy in the 1920s
          • 3. The Invasion of Manchuria
          • 4. The Sino-Japanese War
          • 5. The Road to War
        • 2. German and Italian Expansion >
          • 1. Causes of Italian Expansion
          • 2. Responses to Italian Expansion
          • 3. Causes of German Expansion
          • 4. Responses to German Expansion
          • 5. The Road to War in Europe
        • Exam Questions
    • Paper 2 >
      • Paper 2: The Cold War >
        • 1. Why did the Grand Alliance breakdown? >
          • 1. What role did ideology play in the Grand Alliance?
          • 2. How did wartime disagreements affect the alliance?
          • 3. Did Soviet expansionism end the alliance?
          • 4. Was US exceptionalism to blame?
          • 5. Did events in Asia exacerbate tensions?
          • 6. Were tensions over Germany the final straw?
          • 7. Assessment: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
        • 2. How did superpower competition unfold? >
          • 1. How did competition unfold in Asia?
          • 2. What conflicts emerged in Europe?
          • 3. How did the Cold War shape the Middle East?
          • 4. Were tensions in the Americas unexpected?
          • 5. Why did the Cold War spread to Africa?
          • 6. How did scientific change drive the conflict?
          • 7. Assessment: Who won the global struggle?
        • 3. Were attempts at detente a failure? >
          • 1. Did peaceful coexistence work?
          • 2. What did detente achieve?
          • 3. Why did detente fail?
          • 4. Were other forms of cooperation effective?
          • 5. Assessment: Was detente a failure?
        • 4. What role did China play in the Cold War?
        • 5. How did the Cold War end? >
          • 1. Did the USSR decay from within?
          • 2. Did Ronald Reagan win the war?
          • 3. Was Mikhail Gorbachev to blame?
          • 4. What role did people power play?
          • 5. Why did the USSR finally collapse?
          • 6. Assessment: Who, or what, ended the Cold War?
        • 6. What role did leaders, crises and nations play? >
          • 1. What was the impact of leaders?
          • 2. How significant were Cold War crises?
          • 3. In what ways were nations affected?
          • 4. Assessment: What was the role of leaders, crises and nations?
        • Exam Questions
        • Further Reading
        • Glossary
        • Historiography
        • Primary Sources
      • Paper 2: Authoritarian States >
        • 1. Emergence of Authoritarian States >
          • 1. Why do Authoritarian States emerge?
          • 2. Rise of Hitler
          • 3. Rise of Mao
          • 4. Rise of Castro
          • 5. Rise of Stalin
          • 6. Comparing the Emergence of Authoritarian States
        • 2. Consolidation & Maintenance of Power >
          • 1. Hitler's Germany 1933-45
          • 2. Mao's China 1949-1976
          • 3. Castro's Cuba 1959-Present
          • 4. Comparing the Rule of Authoritarian States
        • 3. Aims and Results of Domestic Policies >
          • 4. Comparing Domestic Policies
        • Exam Questions
    • Paper 3: Asia and Oceania >
      • Topic 9: Imperial Decline in East Asia 1860-1912 >
        • 1. The Tongzhi Restoration
        • 2. Effects of the Sino-Japanese War
        • 3. Impact of the Boxer Rebellion
        • 4. The 1911 Xinhai Revolution
        • 5. The Meiji Restoration
        • 6. Early Japanese Imperialism
        • 7. The Opening of Korea
        • Exam Questions
      • Topic 11: Japan 1912-1990 >
        • 1. Taisho Japan
        • 2. The Rise of Militarism
        • 3. The Move to Global War
        • 4. The Pacific War
        • 5. The US Occupation
        • 6. The 'Economic Miracle'
        • Exam Questions
      • Topic 12: China and Korea 1910-1950 >
        • 1. What accounts for the rise of nationalism? >
          • 1. Was Yuan Shikai a national hero or villain?
          • 2. What did Sun Yixian do to promote nationalism?
          • 3. What was the impact of WW1 on nationalism?
          • 4. How significant was the New Culture Movement?
          • 5. Did the May 4th Movement achieve anything?
          • 6. How did nationalism survive the warlords?
          • 7. Assessment: What accounts for the rise of nationalism?
        • 2. Did Guomindang rule achieve anything? >
          • 1. How did Chiang Kai-shek emerge as leader of the GMD?
          • 2. Why was the Northern Expedition successful?
          • 3. Was the Nanjing Decade a success?
          • 4. Assessment: Was GMD rule a success or failure?
        • 3. Was the rise of communism inevitable? >
          • 1. What were conditions like for peasants in China?
          • 2. How did the CCP benefit from the First United Front?
          • 3. Why did the First United Front fail?
          • 4. How did Mao become leader of the Jiangxi Soviet?
          • 5. To what extent was the Long March a turning point?
          • 6. How did Mao consolidate his position at Yan'an?
          • 7. Assessment: Was Communism inevitable?
        • 4. How did war and conflict benefit the CPC? >
          • 1. What were the turning points of the Sino-Japanese War?
          • 2. What accounts for GMD failures during the war?
          • 3. What were the turning points of the Civil War?
          • 4. Did the CPC win or GMD lose the civil war?
          • 5. Assessment: Where did the CPC win the civil war?
        • 5. What was the impact of Japanese occupation on Korea?
        • 6. Was martial law in Taiwan justified?
        • Exam Questions
      • Topic 14: The People's Republic of China 1949-2005 >
        • 1. How did the CPC consolidate power? >
          • 1. What form of government did the CPC take?
          • 2. What policies did Mao use to consolidate power?
          • 3. What methods of repression did Mao use?
          • 4. What does the Hundred Flowers Campaign reveal?
          • 5. Assessment: How successful was Mao's consolidation of power?
        • 2. Was the transition to socialism successful? >
          • 1. Did the First Five Year Plan achieve its goals?
          • 2. What happened during the Great Leap Forward?
          • 3. Who was responsible for the Great Famine?
          • 4. How did the economy change in the 1960s?
          • 5. Assessment: How successful was the socialist economy?
        • 3. Who benefited from CPC rule under Mao? >
          • 1. How did CPC rule change society?
          • 2. Assessment: Did CPC rule benefit society?
        • 4. What was the cultural revolution? >
          • 1. What caused the cultural revolution?
          • 2. How did the cultural revolution evolve?
          • 3. What was the impact of the cultural revolution?
          • 4. Assessment: How can we explain the cultural revolution?
        • 5. Did China become a global power under Mao? >
          • 1. How did the CPC change China's foreign policy?
          • 2. Why were Sino-Soviet relations so turbulent?
          • 3. How did Sino-American relations change?
          • 4. What other relations did China cultivate?
          • 5. Assessment: When did China become a global power?
        • 6. How did Deng Xiaoping win power? >
          • 1. How did the Gang of Four rise to power?
          • 2. Why did Hua Guofeng become leader?
          • 3. Assessment: How did Deng Xiaoping win power?
        • 7. What accounts for China's modern success? >
          • 1. How successful were Deng Xiaoping's reforms?
          • 2. Why wasn't there a fifth modernisation in China?
          • 3. What was the significance of Tiananmen Square?
          • 4. How did China develop under Jiang Zemin?
          • 5. Assessment: What accounts for China's modern success?
        • Exam Questions
        • Further Reading
        • Historiography
        • Primary Sources
      • Topic 15: Cold War Conflicts in Asia >
        • 1. How was Communism defeated in Malaya? >
          • 1. What triggered conflict in Malaya?
          • 2. How did the Emergency evolve?
          • 3. Why was the insurgency defeated?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Emergency?
          • 5. Assessment: Why was Communism defeated?
        • 2. Why was the Korean War a turning point? >
          • 1. What caused the Korean War?
          • 2. How did the Korean War evolve?
          • 3. How was the Korean War resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the war?
          • 5. Assessment: Was the war a turning point?
        • 3. Why did the French fail to defeat the Vietminh? >
          • 1. What caused the Indochina War?
          • 2. How did the Indochina War evolve?
          • 3. How was the war in Indochina resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the French Indochina War?
          • 5. Assessment: What accounts for the French defeat?
        • 4. Could the Vietnam War have been avoided? >
          • 1. What caused the Vietnam War?
          • 2. How did the Vietnam War evolve?
          • 3. How was the Vietnam War resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Vietnam War?
          • 5. Assessment: Was the Vietnam War inevitable?
        • 5. How was Cambodia shaped by the Cold War? >
          • 1. What caused the Cambodian Civil War?
          • 2. How did the Cambodian Civil War evolve?
          • 3. How was the Cambodian Civil War resolved?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Cambodian Civil War?
          • 5. Assessment: Who can be blamed for events in Cambodia?
        • 6. How were the Soviets defeated in Afghanistan? >
          • 1. Why did the USSR invade Afghanistan?
          • 2. How did the Soviet-Afghan war evolve?
          • 3. How was the Soviet Union defeated?
          • 4. What was the impact of the Soviet-Afghan war?
          • 5. Assessment: Why did the USSR withdraw?
        • Exam Questions
    • Internal Assessment >
      • Forming Questions
      • Researching Primary Sources >
        • New York Times Digital Archive
        • SCMP Digital Archive
      • Researching Secondary Sources >
        • Google Scholar
        • History Today
        • HK Public Library e-resources
        • jstor
        • questia
        • Worldcat
      • Source Evaluation
      • Chicago Citation Format
      • IA Help Guide
    • Extended Essay >
      • 1. Title Page
      • 2. Abstract & Contents Page
      • 3. Introduction
      • 4. Body of the Essay
      • 5. Conclusion
      • 6. References, Bibliography & Appendices
    • Mark Schemes
    • Revision
    • Hall of Fame
  • History Highlights
  • More
    • History Help >
      • Blog
      • Historical Content
      • Historical Concepts
      • Historical Skills >
        • Essay Planning >
          • 1. Forming Questions
          • 2. Command Words
          • 3. Topic Analysis
          • 4. Essay Structure
        • Essay Writing >
          • 1. Introductions
          • 2. Conclusions
          • 3. Words and Phrases
          • 4. Quotations
          • 5. Sentences
          • 6. Width and Depth
          • 7. Citing Sources
          • 8. Spelling and Grammar
    • Resources >
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      • 5 C's - Skills Framework >
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      • Further Listening
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      • ICT Design Resources
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    • Links >
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